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Deprecated: filter_input(): Passing null to parameter #4 ($options) of type array|int is deprecated in /home/cumbalik/public_html/wp-content/plugins/google-site-kit/includes/Core/Util/Input.php on line 64 Osmanlı’da Kahvenin Tarihçesi – Cumbalı Kahve
Kahvenin Özdemir Paşa sayesinde gelişi ve ilk kahvehanenin 1554 yılında İstanbul’da açılması sayesinde kahve tarihinde önemli bir durak olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu; bu içecek ile büyülenmeye başlamıştı. Evliya Çelebi’nin kitabında bahsettiği üzere çok kısa zamanda çoğalan kahvehaneler ve kahve içiminin yaygınlaşması halk arasında çok olumlu sonuçlar yaratırken, saray erkanını ise endişeye ve önlemler almaya sevk etmiştir.
Kahvenin padişahlarca yasaklanışı, hatta Şeyhülislam’ın yasak fetvaları meşhurdur. Bunlara ilk örnek Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın 1554 yılında bir önlem amacıyla çıkardığı “resm-i bidat” adındaki vergidir. O dönem coğrafyasına bakıldığında kahvehaneler insanların toplandıkları, birbirleriyle sohbet ettikleri, kitap okunan -kıraathanenin kelime olarak halen kullanılmasının başlangıcı denebilir- yerlerdi. Sosyal yaşamda en önemli katalizör görevindeki bu yerlerde sohbetler devlet ve siyaset konularını hedef almaya başlamış, halk içinde homurtulara sebep olmuştu. Özellilde yeniçerilerin ve sipahilerin uğrak yeri olan bu noktalardaki eleştiri dozlarının yükselmesi nedeni ve ordu içindeki birliğin temeline zarar verebilir endişesiyle, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman devrinin Şeyhülislam’ı Ebusuud Efendi, “Kömür derecesine kadar kavrulan maddelerin içilmesinin haram olduğu” fetvasını vermiştir. Kahve ve kahvehaneler 1568 yılında Kanuni tarafından yasaklanmıştır.
Kanuniden sonraki padişahlar tarafından da yasaklanan kahve halk arasında gizliden içilmeye devam etmiş, yasaklar çok da uzun sürmemiştir. Başlıca yasaklanma dönemlerini şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz:
III. Murad Dönemi (1574-1595)
III. Memed Dönemi (1595-1603)
I. Ahmed Dönemi (1603-1617) (Kahvenin yanısıra tütün de yasaklanmıştır)
IV. Murad Dönemi ( 1623-1640) (Kahvenin yanısıra tütün ve afyon da yasaklanmış, idam cezası dahi konmuştur.)
1830 Jılında Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasıyla kahvehaneler kısa bir süre yasaklanmıştır.
Kahve, saray tarafından bu denli yasaklanmasına karşın, saray içinde önemli bir yere sahipti. Bir zenginlik göstergesiydi. Hatta hiyerarşiye, padişaha kahve pişirmek ile görevli “kahvecibaşı” rütbesi eklendi. Zaman içinde, Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Paşa gibi kahvecibaşılıktan sadrazamlığa kadar yükselenler de olmuştur.
Osmanlı Dönemindeki Kahvehaneler
Mahalle Kahvehaneleri: 16. yüzyıldan itibaren oluşan ve halkın ev ve ibadethane haricinde sosyalleşmesine ön ayak olan kahvehane türüdür. İnsanların namaz vakitlerini beklemek için kullanmaya başladığı, daha sonra bu vakitler dışında da sosyalleştiği mekanlardır.
Esnaf Kahvehaneleri: Mahalle kahvehaneleri ile aynı dönemde oluşmaya başlayan bu tip kahvehaneler özellikle İstanbul’un ticaret merkezi sayılan noktalarda yer aldılar. Eyüp, Kapalıçarşı, Beyazıt, Eminönü ve Aksaray gibi ticaretin ağırlıklı yapıldığı noktalarda kendi iç düzenlemelerini getirdiler. Aynı işi ve aynı mesleği yapan insanların paylaştığı mekanlardı. Bu kahvehane tipi de zamanla alt gruplara ayrıldı. Bir kısmı hamal, amele tarzı işçi sınıfının toplandığı merkezlerdi. Bu kahvehaneler şimdiki İşçi Bulma Kurumu gibi, o dönemde ihtiyaç duyulan alanda insanın bulunabileceği yerlerdiler ve genellikle Haliç kıyılarındaydılar. Diğer tür ise işveren kahvehaneleriydi. Daha çok Kapalı Çarşı, Beyazıt gibi yerlerde olan bu kahvehaneler de ticaret piyasasına yön verdi.
Yeniçeri Kahvehaneleri: Yeniçerilerin kışla dışında vakit geçirdikleri önemli mekanlar olmuşlardır. 17. yüzyılın ortalarında kurulan bu kahvehaneler, diğerlerine göre daha disiplinli kurallara sahipti. Yeniçerilerin saray dışındaki sosyal yaşantısında toplanma merkezi olmalarının yanısıra, daha sonraki dönemlerde de esnaflaşma süreci bu kahvehanelerde başlamıştır. II. Mahmud 1826 yılında Yeniçeri Ocağını kapatınca bu kahvehane türü de yok oldu.
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